Direct & Indirect Speech -
Grammar
NOTE: We will use the verb 'said' in all examples. This is so we concentrate on the grammar. More verbs (tell, shouted, asked, etc.) will be used in the practice.
Direct Speech
How to form direct speech
This is used to say exactly what someone says. We show direct speech using a particular grammatical structure.
Start with a pair of inverted commas - "
Write exactly what the person says as a full sentence - "__________________
Add a piece of a punctuation - "__________________
Close with a pair of inverted commas "__________________ "
Steps 1 & 2
In step 1, you start with a pair of inverted commas. They look like this: "
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In step 2, you must write exactly what the person says like it is a sentence.
Step 3
In step 3 you need to choose which punctuation to end the speech with: full stop (.), comma (,), exclamation mark (!) or question mark (?).
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Exclamation marks (!) are used if the person is saying something loudly or very directly.
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Questions marks (?) are used if the sentence the person says is a question.
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A full stop is used if it is the end of the whole sentence - including the 'said' part.
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A comma is used if none of the others are true.
Examples of Step 3 punctuation
"Stay away from the area!" said the policeman. - this is an exclamation mark because the policeman is saying it loudly.
She said, "what time does the bus leave?" - this is a question so a question mark ends the sentence.
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My daughter said "I took the last biscuit." - the full stop is used here because it's the end of the sentence.
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"I took the last biscuit," said my daughter. - the comma is used here because it does not end the sentence.
Practice - Step 3 punctuation
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The waitress said, "Would you like to seen the menu?"
Answer
The person is asking a question and so the question mark ends the sentence.
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"I haven't read this book," said Tom.
Answer
The speech does not end the sentence, it is not a question or being exclaimed so a comma is used.
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My dad said, "Oh no! The dinner is burning!"
Answer
This is being exclaimed (loudly or with importance) so an exclamation mark is used.
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Rebecca said, "School starts at 8:45 so should leave now."
Answer
The speech ends the sentence so we use a full stop.
Step 4
In step 4, close the speech with a pair of inverted commas (").
Indirect speech
How to form indirect speech
Indirect speech is used when the speaker says what someone said. It is also called reported speech.
Let's look at the difference between direct and indirect speech.
Direct Speech
My favourite colour is blue.
She said, "My favourite colour is blue."
Past
Now
Future
The person says exactly what the person in the past said.
Indirect Speech
My favourite colour is blue.
She said her favourite colour was blue.
Past
Now
Future
Direct Speech vs Indirect Speech
Direct Speech - "My favourite colour is blue."
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Indirect Speech - Her favourite colour was blue.
How you change from direct to indirect speech?
There are two main changes:
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Change the pronoun if it is unclear
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Change the verb to match the situation
Examples
Present tense
I drink coffee every morning.
He said he drinks coffee every morning.
Past
Now
Future
I drink coffee every morning. - this is an action that happens every day, so the present tense is used.
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He said he drinks coffee every morning. - the pronoun has been changed to reflect who said it and the verb is in the present tense because the original action happens every day.
Past tense
I had pizza for dinner.
She said she had pizza for dinner.
Past
Now
Future
I had pizza for dinner. - this is an action that happened in the past, so the past tense ins used.
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She said she had pizza for dinner. - the pronoun has been changed to reflect who said it and the verb is in the past tense.
Future tense
I will watch a film tonight.
He said he would watch a film tonight.
Past
Now
Future
I will watch a film tonight. - this is an action that will happen in the future for the speaker, so the future tense is used.
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He said he would watch a film tonight. - the pronoun has been changed to reflect who said it and the verb is changed to the past tense.
Continuous tense
I'm washing my clothes.
She said she was washing her clothes.
Past
Now
Future
I'm washing my clothes. - this is an action that is happening now so the continuous tense is used.
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She said she was washing her clothes. - the pronouns (I and my) have been changed to reflect who said it (she and her) and the verb (am) is changed to the past tense.
Perfect tense
We haven't been to Spain.
They said they hadn't been to Spain.
Past
Now
Future
We haven't been to Spain. - the statement is related to the present so the perfect tense is used.
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They said they hadn't been to Spain. - the pronouns has been changed to reflect who said it and the verb (have been) is changed to the past tense (had been).
Examples
Direct Speech - present tense: "I go for a jog every night," she said.
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Indirect Speech - She said she goes for a jog every night.
Direct Speech - past tense: "I went for a jog," she said.
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Indirect Speech - She said she went for a jog.
Direct Speech - future tense: "I will go for a jog tomorrow night," she said.
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Indirect Speech - She said she would go for a jog tomorrow night.
Direct Speech - continuous tense: "I am jogging," she said.
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Indirect Speech - She said she was jogging.
Direct Speech - perfect tense: "I have been going for a jog," she said.
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Indirect Speech - She said she had been going for a jog.